market street wholesale jewelry 1890 How is the national GDP total and growth rate?

silver diamond jewelry wholesale Accounting method
. Calculating GDP

The expenditure method to calculate the GDP of the expenditure method. The market value of the final product produced in that year. This method is also called the final product method and product flow method.

If Q1, Q2¬ ... qn represents the output of various final products, P1, P2 ... Pn represents the price of various final products, then the formula for calculating the GDP using the expenditure method is:

q1p1 q2p2 ... qnpn = gdp

In real life, the final use of products and labor services is mainly residents' consumption, corporate investment, government purchase and export. Therefore, the use of the expenditure method to calculate the GDP is the sum of the total expenditure of a country or region for residents' consumption, corporate investment, government purchase, and net exports within a certain period of time.

1. Resident consumption (expressed in letters C), including the purchase of refrigerators, color TVs, washing machines, cars and other durable consumer goods, costumes such as clothing, food and other non -durable consumer goods, and for medical care, for medical care, Tourism, haircuts and other labor expenditures. The expenditure of building a house is not consumer.

2. Investment (represented by letters I) refers to the expenditure of increasing or updating capital assets (including factory buildings, machinery equipment, residential and inventory). Investment includes two categories: fixed asset investment and inventory investment. Fixed 2. Asset investment refers to the investment of new buildings, purchasing new equipment, and building new houses. Why is residential building investment instead of consumption? Because houses are used for a long time and slowly consumed like other fixed assets. Investment investment is an increase or decrease in inventory (or inventory) controlled by enterprises. If the company's inventory at the beginning of the year is $ 200 billion and the end of the year is $ 220 billion, the inventory investment is 20 billion US dollars. Investment investment may be positive or negative, because the value of inventory at the end of the year may be greater than or less than the beginning of the year. The reason why corporate inventory is considered investment because it can generate income. From the perspective of national economic statistics, products that are produced but not sold can only be used as the inventory investment of the enterprise.

Id investment in GDP refers to the total investment, that is, the sum of the reset and net investment, and the reset investment is depreciation.

The division of investment and consumption is not absolute, and the specific classification depends on the provisions of actual statistics.

3. Government purchases (represented by letters G) refers to the expenditure of government purchases and labor services at all levels. Facilities, holding public engineering such as roads, and running schools. The salary paid by the government to government employees is also purchased by the government. Government purchase is a substantial expenditure that shows the two -way movement of goods, labor and currencies, directly forming social needs, and becoming a part of GDP. Government purchases are only part of government expenditure. Another part of government expenditures such as government transfer payment and public debt interest are not included in GDP. The government transfer payment is a paid expenditure for the government to obtain the goods and labor services produced this year, including the government in terms of social welfare, social insurance, unemployment relief, poverty subsidies, elderly protection, health care, subsidies for agriculture, etc. expenditure. The government transfer payment is the government's function to transfer and redistribute income between different social members through its functions, and transfer the income of some people to the hands of another person. The essence is a re -distribution of wealth. When the government transfer payment, that is, when the government pays these expenditures, it does not get any products and labor services accordingly. The government transfer payment is a monetary expenditure, and the total income of the entire society has not changed. Therefore, the government transfer payment is not included in the GDP.

4. Inlet export (indicated by letters X-M, x indicates exports, M represents imports) refers to the difference between import and export. Imports should be subtracted from the total purchase of the country because the import indicates that the income flows abroad, and at the same time, it is not used to purchase the expenditure of the domestic products; the export should be added to the total purchase volume of the country, because the export indicates that the income flows from foreign countries. It is used to purchase the expenditure of domestic products, so net exports should be included in total expenditure. Net exports may be positive or negative.

It the above four projects, which uses the expenditure method to calculate the formula of GDP:

GDP = C I G (x-m)

In my country's statistical practice, the expenditure method calculates the total amount of domestic product is divided into final consumption, total capital formation, and the total export export of goods and services. Essence

The final consumption is divided into residents and government consumption. In addition to the consumption of goods and services directly in the form of currency, residents' consumption also includes consumer expenditures of goods and services obtained in other ways, the so -called virtual consumption expenditure. Residents' virtual consumption expenditures include the following types: the unit provided by the unit in the form of physical remuneration and physical transfer to workers; financial media services provided by financial institutions; insurance services provided by insurance companies.

GDP calculated through the expenditure method, we can calculate the consumption rate and investment rate. The so -called consumption rate is the ratio of the final consumption of GDP, and the so -called investment rate is the ratio of total capital formation of GDP. According to relevant statistics, in recent years, my country's consumption rate has been significantly declining. In 2005, my country's consumption rate was 52.1%and the investment rate was 43.4%. Compared with the world level, the consumption rate of my country is significantly lower. Therefore, a period of current and future periods, an important content of macroeconomic regulation is to adjust the proportion relationship between investment and consumption and expanding consumer demand is the focus of expanding domestic demand.

. Using the income method to calculate GDP

to calculate the income method, which is to calculate the various income obtained by production factors in production from the perspective of income The GDP, that is, the salary obtained by the labor, the land rent obtained by the land owner, the interest obtained by the capital, and the additional profit obtained by the entrepreneur to calculate the GDP. This method is also called factor payment method and factor cost method.

In the simple economy without the government, the added value of the enterprise, that is, the GDP it created, is equivalent to factor income plus depreciation, but when the government intervenes, the government often levies indirect tax. At this time, The GDP should also include indirect tax and corporate transfer payment. Indirect tax is a tax imposed on product sales, which includes cargo tax and turnover tax. This kind of tax is signed for enterprises in name, but enterprises can put it into the cost of production and eventually pass it on to consumers, so it should also be regarded as costs. Similarly, there are corporate transfer payments (that is, the company's social charity donation and consumer dug books on non -profit organizations), it is not an income created by the production factor, but to be transferred to consumers through product prices, so it should also be regarded as costs as costs. Essence

Capital depreciation should also be included in GDP. Because although it is not a factor income, it is included in total investment.

. Non -corporate ownership income should also be included in GDP. Non -corporate corporate ownership income refers to the income of doctors, lawyers, small shop owners, farmers, etc. They use their own funds and self -employment. Its wages, interest, and rent are difficult to divide them into their own salary, interest on their own funds, rent of their own houses, etc. , Profit and rents are often mixed as non -corporate owners' income.

. The formula calculated based on the income method is:

GDP = salary interest profit rent indirect tax and corporate transfer payment depreciation

can also be seen as GDP = income of production factors income of non -production factors

Theoretically, the GDP calculated by the income method and the GDP calculated by the expenditure method is equal.

. Use the production method to calculate GDP

The use of the production method to calculate the GDP, which refers to calculating GDP according to the output value of various departments provided by material products and labor. Production method is also called departmental law. This calculation method reflects the source of GDP.

Is using this method for calculation, the production departments should deduct the output value of the intermediate products used in each production department, and only calculate the increased value. Commercial and service departments are also calculated according to the value -added method. Hygiene, education, administrative, family service and other departments cannot calculate their value -added, and the value of its services is calculated based on wage income.

Culed the GDP according to the production method, which can be divided into the following departments: agricultural, forestry and fishery; mining and construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; electricity, gas, tap water industry; wholesale; wholesale; wholesale; , Retail Commerce; Finance, Insurance, Real Estate; Service Industry; Government Services and Government Enterprises. Add the total domestic product produced by the above departments, and then add the net income of foreign factors. Considering the statistical error item, you can get the GDP calculated by the production method.

The theoretically, the GDP calculated based on the expenditure method, income method and production method is equal in quantity, but there are often errors in actual accounting. Therefore , Make it consistent. In actual statistics, the expenditure method of the national economic accounting system is generally used as the basic method, that is, the domestic GDP calculated by the expenditure law as the standard.

In my country's statistical practice, the calculation of the income method is divided into four items:

GDP = labor compensation net amount of production tax fixed asset depreciation operating surplus

The first item is the remuneration of the workers. It refers to all rewards for laborers for production activities. Including various forms of salary, bonuses and allowances obtained by workers, including both currency forms, and physical forms; but also the public medical and medical and health expenses enjoyed by the workers, the transportation subsidy of commuting, and the unit payment of the unit Insurance premiums, etc.

The second item is the net amount of production, which refers to the balance after production tax reduction. The production tax refers to the various taxes, surcharges and fees collected by the government's production, sales and operation activities for production units, and various production fees (such as fixed assets, land, and labor) for production activities. The opposite of production subsidies and production tax refers to the unilateral income transfer of the government's unilateral revenue, so it is deemed to be a negative production tax, including policy loss subsidies, grain system price subsidies, and export tax refund of foreign trade enterprises.

The third item is depreciation of fixed assets, which refers to depreciation of fixed assets withdrawn in a certain period of time to make up for fixed asset loss. It reflects the transfer value of fixed assets in current production.

The fourth item is the operating surplus, which refers to the balance of deducting labor remuneration, net production tax, and fixed asset depreciation created by the resident units. It is equivalent to the business profit of the enterprise plus production subsidies.

. The two, two national income accounting systems

The above -mentioned Western national income accounting system (referred to as SNA). The system is based on Western economic theory and believes that creating material products and labor activities providing services are production activities that create value, and use GDP (GDP) as the core indicators for national economic activities. Western national income accounting system is a method of calculating the national economy adopted by most countries at present. It is a more reasonable and scientific accounting system. First of all, today, with the continuous strengthening of the globalization, integration, marketization, and informatization trend of the world economy, the status of information, knowledge, technology, and labor services in economic life is becoming increasingly important. The proportion of the proportion is increasing, and the status of material production in the entire economic life has relatively declined. Therefore, in the national income accounting system, it is necessary to calculate non -material production and labor services, and it is necessary to count the market value of all paid labor services into GDP. Secondly, it is reasonable to avoid repeated calculations when calculating national income, and distinguish between nominal GDP and actual GDP. Of course, this system uses GDP to measure the total level of national economic output, measure the degree of economic development, and measure living standards. It is also defective. For example, non -market transaction activities (such as housework activities, self -sufficient production) cannot be reflected, and cannot indicate that people's leisure and security can be reflected in the environment of a country's environmental pollution. Essence Before the end of the Cold War in the 1990s, there was another national economic accounting system, namely the material product balance table system (MPS) of the central plan economy, which was used by the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and my country. Based on the theory of Marx reproduction, the system uses the total social output value and national income as the basic indicator of the total results of the national economic activities. This accounting system is compatible with a highly concentrated plan management system and has played an important role, but with the reform and development of the global market economy system, its defects are becoming increasingly prominent. For example, it cannot reflect the development of non -material production departments such as information, labor services, and is not conducive to reflecting the comprehensive national strength and reasonable adjustment of the industrial structure; it cannot systematically reflect the social funds movement, which is not conducive to national macro management and regulation; The connection between each link is not conducive to the comprehensive balance of the entire economic operation. As a result, Eastern Europe, Russia and other economic rotation countries and my country have gradually adopted the Western national economic accounting system. Since 1985, my country has officially adopted the GDP index as the main indicator of the national economic development and the strategic goals of economic development. At present, my country has calculated and announced GDP figures, but has not yet calculated and announced the number of domestic production net worth, national income, personal income, and personal disposable income.

wholesale sterling silver jewish jewelry The answers on the first floor introduce the concepts of the three major systems of GDP accounting, but they are all theoretical things. There are no direct answers. Of course, it is clear if you can understand it. To put it simply, these data listed are the name GDP of the US dollar. The exchange rate appreciation factor needs to be considered. The actual growth rate announced is calculated based on the local currency -that is, the RMB unit, and the replacement of the US dollar to facilitate international comparison, but At this time, the factors of exchange rate changes need to be added. For example, from 2012 to 2013, the RMB has been appreciated with the US dollar. After changing it to the US dollar, the data is naturally greater.
It briefly understand it. Assuming that in 2012 it was 1 million yuan, the RMB pairing to the US dollar was 5: 1, then the published data was 20 trillion US dollars; in 2013 However, the appreciation of the renminbi this year is 4: 1 for the US dollar. After the exchange is calculated, it is $ 3 trillion after the dollar -from USD 2 trillion to 3 billion yuan to 50%.
If you want to know more, recommend Heblin Beihaiju Netease Blog, Baidu, there are many GDP and economic data and knowledge.